SKIN DISEASES
Skin is the largest organ of our body.
VITILIGO
DEFINITION
Vitiligo is a condition in which you lose the pigment of your skin. Pigment, or melanin, causes skin color and is produced by cells called “melanocytes.” Most people with vitiligo lose pigment in patches of normally pigmented skin, which is replaced by flat, white patches with irregular borders. This loss of pigmentation can occur in small patches on one side of the body or in large areas covering over 50 percent of the body.
http://www.healthline.com/symptom/vitiligo
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The main sign of vitiligo is color (pigment) loss that produces light or white patches on your skin. Usually, the discoloration first shows on sun-exposed areas, such as the hands, feet, arms, face and lips.
Three different patterns of depigmentation are possible:
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Melanin is the pigment that gives the skin its characteristic color. Vitiligo is caused by a loss of pigment in the skin, due to destruction of pigment-forming cells known as melanocytes. The exact cause of the destruction of these cells is not known. One possible explanation might be that the body's immune system destroys the cells, as in other autoimmune conditions. In most cases, vitiligo develops early in life, between the ages of 10 and 30 years. Ninety-five percent of those affected will develop the disorder before age 40. Both men and women are equally likely to develop vitiligo. Vitiligo may run in families; those with a family history of vitiligo or premature graying of the hair are at increased risk for the development of vitiligo. Other risk factors that increase one's chances of developing vitiligo include having autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto's thyroiditis).
DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor will review your medical history and possibly test a skin sample to diagnose vitiligo. Family history of the condition and reports of sunburns or blistering are considered. According to the (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), sun damage may trigger vitiligo symptoms in some patients. A skin biopsy can reveal the complete absence of pigment and may confirm the diagnosis. Your doctor might also run blood tests to check your vitamin B-12 levels and thyroid function. An overactive thyroid and a deficiency of B-12 are often associated with vitiligo. Running these tests can help you get prompt treatment for any related conditions if needed.
TREATMENT
Steroids Topical medications can be effective ways to repigment the white patches of skin. Topical steroid medications are used in children and adults. Steroids must be applied to the skin daily for at least three months before you can expect to see results. Steroid creams can have some adverse effects, including a thinning of the skin or streaks of colour on the skin.
Ultraviolet LightUltraviolet light therapy can restore pigment in some people with vitiligo. Most often, you are required to take a medication called psoralen, which causes the skin to be more sensitive to the light treatment. Psoralen is available in both topical and oral forms. The combination of psoralen and UVA rays is called PUVA treatment. It darkens the light areas of your skin. Since you’re more sensitive to sunlight when using psoralen, you should protect the rest of your body with sunscreen. You can get PUVA treatment several times per week in your doctor’s office.
DepigmentationWhen repigmentation of the white patches fails, depigmenting the rest of your body is another treatment option. Depigmentation is reserved for those who present with vitiligo on more than half of their body. The goal is to match your normal pigmented skin to the areas affected by vitiligo. A medication called monobenzone is applied to your skin to lighten the pigmented areas. This topical medication can bleach the skin of other people who may come into direct contact with you. Therefore, skin-to-skin contact must be avoided for two hours after treatment.
EXTRA INFORMATION
Prevalance Rate: approximately 1 in 136 or 0.74% or 2 million people in USA
Prevalance of Vitiligo: 2 to 5 million people in the USA (1-2% worldwide); 1,059,560 people in the USA 1996. About 1 to 2 percent of the world's population, or 40 to 50 million people, have vitiligo.
(Source: Questions and Answers about Vitiligo: NIAMS)
Vitiligo is a condition in which you lose the pigment of your skin. Pigment, or melanin, causes skin color and is produced by cells called “melanocytes.” Most people with vitiligo lose pigment in patches of normally pigmented skin, which is replaced by flat, white patches with irregular borders. This loss of pigmentation can occur in small patches on one side of the body or in large areas covering over 50 percent of the body.
http://www.healthline.com/symptom/vitiligo
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The main sign of vitiligo is color (pigment) loss that produces light or white patches on your skin. Usually, the discoloration first shows on sun-exposed areas, such as the hands, feet, arms, face and lips.
Three different patterns of depigmentation are possible:
- In a focal pattern, the loss of skin color appears in only a few small areas.
- In a segmental pattern, depigmentation occurs on one side of the body.
- In a generalized pattern, the loss of melanin occurs on both sides of the body in a symmetrical pattern.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Melanin is the pigment that gives the skin its characteristic color. Vitiligo is caused by a loss of pigment in the skin, due to destruction of pigment-forming cells known as melanocytes. The exact cause of the destruction of these cells is not known. One possible explanation might be that the body's immune system destroys the cells, as in other autoimmune conditions. In most cases, vitiligo develops early in life, between the ages of 10 and 30 years. Ninety-five percent of those affected will develop the disorder before age 40. Both men and women are equally likely to develop vitiligo. Vitiligo may run in families; those with a family history of vitiligo or premature graying of the hair are at increased risk for the development of vitiligo. Other risk factors that increase one's chances of developing vitiligo include having autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto's thyroiditis).
DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor will review your medical history and possibly test a skin sample to diagnose vitiligo. Family history of the condition and reports of sunburns or blistering are considered. According to the (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), sun damage may trigger vitiligo symptoms in some patients. A skin biopsy can reveal the complete absence of pigment and may confirm the diagnosis. Your doctor might also run blood tests to check your vitamin B-12 levels and thyroid function. An overactive thyroid and a deficiency of B-12 are often associated with vitiligo. Running these tests can help you get prompt treatment for any related conditions if needed.
TREATMENT
Steroids Topical medications can be effective ways to repigment the white patches of skin. Topical steroid medications are used in children and adults. Steroids must be applied to the skin daily for at least three months before you can expect to see results. Steroid creams can have some adverse effects, including a thinning of the skin or streaks of colour on the skin.
Ultraviolet LightUltraviolet light therapy can restore pigment in some people with vitiligo. Most often, you are required to take a medication called psoralen, which causes the skin to be more sensitive to the light treatment. Psoralen is available in both topical and oral forms. The combination of psoralen and UVA rays is called PUVA treatment. It darkens the light areas of your skin. Since you’re more sensitive to sunlight when using psoralen, you should protect the rest of your body with sunscreen. You can get PUVA treatment several times per week in your doctor’s office.
DepigmentationWhen repigmentation of the white patches fails, depigmenting the rest of your body is another treatment option. Depigmentation is reserved for those who present with vitiligo on more than half of their body. The goal is to match your normal pigmented skin to the areas affected by vitiligo. A medication called monobenzone is applied to your skin to lighten the pigmented areas. This topical medication can bleach the skin of other people who may come into direct contact with you. Therefore, skin-to-skin contact must be avoided for two hours after treatment.
EXTRA INFORMATION
Prevalance Rate: approximately 1 in 136 or 0.74% or 2 million people in USA
Prevalance of Vitiligo: 2 to 5 million people in the USA (1-2% worldwide); 1,059,560 people in the USA 1996. About 1 to 2 percent of the world's population, or 40 to 50 million people, have vitiligo.
(Source: Questions and Answers about Vitiligo: NIAMS)
CELLULITIS
DEFINITION
Cellulitis is a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection. Cellulitis appears as a swollen, red area of skin that feels hot and tender. It can spread rapidly to other parts of the body. Cellulitis isn't usually spread from person to person. Skin on lower legs is most commonly affected, though cellulitis can occur anywhere on your body or face. Cellulitis might affect only your skin's surface. Or it might also affect tissues underlying your skin and can spread to your lymph nodes and bloodstream. Left untreated, the spreading infection can rapidly turn life-threatening. It's important to seek immediate medical attention if cellulitis symptoms occur.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of cellulitis may include:
Some common symptoms of a more serious cellulitis infection are:
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Cellulitis occurs when certain types of bacteria enter through skin injuries such as cuts, insect bites, or surgical incisions. Common risk factors include:
DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor will check the area of the rash to see if your symptoms are consistent with cellulitis. He or she may mark the area of the rash with a marker to track its spread. He or she may also examine your lymph nodes to check for signs of infection and test any fluid that has accumulated at the site of the rash. Blood tests may also be ordered to rule out the possibility of a blood clot, as a clot and cellulitis can have similar symptoms. A complete blood count (CBC) may be used to check for an elevated white blood cell count, which indicates infection.
TREATMENT
Cellulitis is treated with a 10- to 14-day course of oral antibiotics. Your symptoms should begin to clear after about three days; however, take the full course of antibiotics because the bacteria may still be living even after you're feeling better. If your pain is intense, your doctor may also prescribe a pain medication or recommend an over-the-counter pain reliever. Elevating the affected area above your heart will also help reduce pain and swelling. If your cellulitis does not respond to oral antibiotics, you may need to be admitted to a hospital to receive intravenous antibiotics.
EXTRA INFORMATION
Incidence rate of 24·6/1000 person-years, with a higher incidence among males and individuals aged 45–64 years. The most common site of infection was the lower extremity (39·9%). The majority of patients were seen in an outpatient setting (73·8%), and most (82·0%) had only one episode of cellulitis during the 5-year period studied.
Cellulitis is a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection. Cellulitis appears as a swollen, red area of skin that feels hot and tender. It can spread rapidly to other parts of the body. Cellulitis isn't usually spread from person to person. Skin on lower legs is most commonly affected, though cellulitis can occur anywhere on your body or face. Cellulitis might affect only your skin's surface. Or it might also affect tissues underlying your skin and can spread to your lymph nodes and bloodstream. Left untreated, the spreading infection can rapidly turn life-threatening. It's important to seek immediate medical attention if cellulitis symptoms occur.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of cellulitis may include:
- pain and tenderness in the affected area
- redness or inflammation of your skin
- a skin sore or rash that appears and grows quickly
- a tight, glossy, swollen appearance of the skin
- a feeling of warmth in the affected area
- a central area that has an abscess with pus formation
- a fever
Some common symptoms of a more serious cellulitis infection are:
- shaking
- chills
- a feeling of illness
- fatigue
- dizziness
- lightheadedness
- muscle aches
- warm skin
- sweating
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Cellulitis occurs when certain types of bacteria enter through skin injuries such as cuts, insect bites, or surgical incisions. Common risk factors include:
- Injury. Any cut, fracture, burn or scrape gives bacteria an entry point.
- Weakened immune system. Conditions that weaken your immune system — such as diabetes, leukemia and HIV/AIDS. Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, also can weaken your immune system.
- Skin conditions. Skin disorders — such as eczema, athlete's foot, chickenpox and shingles — can cause breaks in the skin and give bacteria an entry point.
- History of cellulitis. People who previously had cellulitis, especially of the lower leg, may be more prone to develop it again.
- Intravenous drug use. People who inject illegal drugs have a higher risk of developing cellulitis.
DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor will check the area of the rash to see if your symptoms are consistent with cellulitis. He or she may mark the area of the rash with a marker to track its spread. He or she may also examine your lymph nodes to check for signs of infection and test any fluid that has accumulated at the site of the rash. Blood tests may also be ordered to rule out the possibility of a blood clot, as a clot and cellulitis can have similar symptoms. A complete blood count (CBC) may be used to check for an elevated white blood cell count, which indicates infection.
TREATMENT
Cellulitis is treated with a 10- to 14-day course of oral antibiotics. Your symptoms should begin to clear after about three days; however, take the full course of antibiotics because the bacteria may still be living even after you're feeling better. If your pain is intense, your doctor may also prescribe a pain medication or recommend an over-the-counter pain reliever. Elevating the affected area above your heart will also help reduce pain and swelling. If your cellulitis does not respond to oral antibiotics, you may need to be admitted to a hospital to receive intravenous antibiotics.
EXTRA INFORMATION
Incidence rate of 24·6/1000 person-years, with a higher incidence among males and individuals aged 45–64 years. The most common site of infection was the lower extremity (39·9%). The majority of patients were seen in an outpatient setting (73·8%), and most (82·0%) had only one episode of cellulitis during the 5-year period studied.
HEMAGIOMA of SKIN
DEFINITION
A hemangioma of the skin is an abnormal buildup of blood vessels on or under the surface of the skin. A hemangioma of the skin may look like a red wine- or strawberry-colored birthmark and may protrude from the skin. Skin hemangiomas appear as small scratches on babies and grow larger as the child ages. However, most hemangiomas of the skin disappear by the age of 10. Hemangiomas are usually small, but in some cases they may grow large, or develop lesions and require removal.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
A hemangioma consists of an abnormally dense group of extra blood vessels. It's not clear what causes the blood vessels to group together, although there may be a hereditary component involved or this could happen because of some proteins which are produced from the placenta during pregnancy. Hemangiomas commonly occur more in females and white and premature babies.
DIAGNOSIS
No special tests are used to diagnose skin hemangiomas. Your doctor can diagnose them by sight during a physical examination.
TREATMENT
A single, small hemangioma usually requires no treatment and will likely go away on its own. However, some cases will require treatment. Treatment options include:
EXTRA INFORMATION
Traditionally, hemangiomas haven’t been considered to be an inherited condition; however, a recent study completed by our team of specialists has demonstrated a tendency for hemangiomas to run in families. Further studies need to be completed before the true risk of having a second infant with a hemangioma is known. Hemangiomas are very common, and in our experience, they do not tend to occur in the same location within families.
A hemangioma of the skin is an abnormal buildup of blood vessels on or under the surface of the skin. A hemangioma of the skin may look like a red wine- or strawberry-colored birthmark and may protrude from the skin. Skin hemangiomas appear as small scratches on babies and grow larger as the child ages. However, most hemangiomas of the skin disappear by the age of 10. Hemangiomas are usually small, but in some cases they may grow large, or develop lesions and require removal.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- nausea
- vomiting
- abdominal discomfort
- loss of appetite
- unexplained weight loss
- a feeling of fullness in the abdomen
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
A hemangioma consists of an abnormally dense group of extra blood vessels. It's not clear what causes the blood vessels to group together, although there may be a hereditary component involved or this could happen because of some proteins which are produced from the placenta during pregnancy. Hemangiomas commonly occur more in females and white and premature babies.
DIAGNOSIS
No special tests are used to diagnose skin hemangiomas. Your doctor can diagnose them by sight during a physical examination.
TREATMENT
A single, small hemangioma usually requires no treatment and will likely go away on its own. However, some cases will require treatment. Treatment options include:
- corticosteroid medication- Corticosteroid medication may be injected into the hemangioma to reduce its growth and stop inflammation.
- laser treatment- Surgeon may use laser treatment to reduce redness and promote quicker healing.
- surgical removal- If the hemangioma is particularly large, or in a sensitive area like the eyes, your doctor may opt to remove it surgically.
EXTRA INFORMATION
Traditionally, hemangiomas haven’t been considered to be an inherited condition; however, a recent study completed by our team of specialists has demonstrated a tendency for hemangiomas to run in families. Further studies need to be completed before the true risk of having a second infant with a hemangioma is known. Hemangiomas are very common, and in our experience, they do not tend to occur in the same location within families.
COLD SORE
DEFINITION
Cold sores are red, fluid-filled blisters that form near the mouth or on other areas of the face. In rare cases, cold sores may appear on the fingers, nose, or inside the mouth. They are usually clumped together in patches.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
You may notice a tingling or burning sensation on your lips or face several days before a cold sore develops. Once the sore forms, you’ll see a raised, red blister full of fluid. It will usually be painful and tender to the touch. There may be more than one sore present. The cold sore will remain for at least two weeks and will be contagious until it crusts over. You may also experience one or more of the following symptoms during an outbreak:
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus. There are two types of the herpes simplex virus. The herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV-1) usually causes cold sores, and the herpes simplex type 2 virus (HSV-2) typically causes genital herpes. It’s possible for HSV-1 to cause sores on the genitals and for HSV-2 to cause sores on the mouth. However, this is very rare. You can get the herpes simplex virus by coming in contact with infected individuals. This may happen through kissing, sharing cosmetics, or sharing food. Oral sex may spread both cold sores and genital herpes. About 90 percent of adults worldwide — even those who've never had symptoms of an infection — test positive for evidence of the virus that causes cold sores. People who have weakened immune systems are at higher risk of complications from the virus. Medical conditions and treatments that increase your risk of complications include:
DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor can usually diagnose cold sores just by looking at them. To confirm the diagnosis, he or she may take a sample from the blister for testing in a laboratory.
TREATMENT
Ointments and Creams- When cold sores become bothersome, you may be able to control pain and promote healing with antiviral ointments. Ointments tend to be most effective if they’re applied when a sore first appears. They will need to be applied four to five times per day for four to five days.Medications- Cold sores can also be treated with oral antiviral medications. These drugs are available by prescription only. Your doctor may instruct you to take antiviral medications regularly if you’re experiencing complications with cold sores or if your outbreaks are frequent.Home Remedies- Symptoms may be eased by applying ice or washcloths soaked in cold water over the sores. Alternative treatments for cold sores include taking lysine supplements or using lip balm containing lemon extract.
EXTRA INFORMATION
To prevent spreading cold sores to other people, you should wash your hands often and avoid skin contact with others. Make sure you don’t share items that touch your mouth, such as lip balm and food utensils, with other people during an outbreak. It’s also important to avoid touching your eyes and genitals while cold sores are present. The herpes simplex virus can cause eye infections and genital herpes.
Cold sores are red, fluid-filled blisters that form near the mouth or on other areas of the face. In rare cases, cold sores may appear on the fingers, nose, or inside the mouth. They are usually clumped together in patches.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
You may notice a tingling or burning sensation on your lips or face several days before a cold sore develops. Once the sore forms, you’ll see a raised, red blister full of fluid. It will usually be painful and tender to the touch. There may be more than one sore present. The cold sore will remain for at least two weeks and will be contagious until it crusts over. You may also experience one or more of the following symptoms during an outbreak:
- fever
- muscle aches
- swollen lymph nodes
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus. There are two types of the herpes simplex virus. The herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV-1) usually causes cold sores, and the herpes simplex type 2 virus (HSV-2) typically causes genital herpes. It’s possible for HSV-1 to cause sores on the genitals and for HSV-2 to cause sores on the mouth. However, this is very rare. You can get the herpes simplex virus by coming in contact with infected individuals. This may happen through kissing, sharing cosmetics, or sharing food. Oral sex may spread both cold sores and genital herpes. About 90 percent of adults worldwide — even those who've never had symptoms of an infection — test positive for evidence of the virus that causes cold sores. People who have weakened immune systems are at higher risk of complications from the virus. Medical conditions and treatments that increase your risk of complications include:
- HIV/AIDS
- Severe burns
- Eczema
- Cancer chemotherapy
- Anti-rejection drugs for organ transplants
DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor can usually diagnose cold sores just by looking at them. To confirm the diagnosis, he or she may take a sample from the blister for testing in a laboratory.
TREATMENT
Ointments and Creams- When cold sores become bothersome, you may be able to control pain and promote healing with antiviral ointments. Ointments tend to be most effective if they’re applied when a sore first appears. They will need to be applied four to five times per day for four to five days.Medications- Cold sores can also be treated with oral antiviral medications. These drugs are available by prescription only. Your doctor may instruct you to take antiviral medications regularly if you’re experiencing complications with cold sores or if your outbreaks are frequent.Home Remedies- Symptoms may be eased by applying ice or washcloths soaked in cold water over the sores. Alternative treatments for cold sores include taking lysine supplements or using lip balm containing lemon extract.
EXTRA INFORMATION
To prevent spreading cold sores to other people, you should wash your hands often and avoid skin contact with others. Make sure you don’t share items that touch your mouth, such as lip balm and food utensils, with other people during an outbreak. It’s also important to avoid touching your eyes and genitals while cold sores are present. The herpes simplex virus can cause eye infections and genital herpes.
SKIN CANCER
DEFINITION
The uncontrolled growth of cancer cells in the skin. Left untreated, these cells can spread to other organs and tissues, such as lymph nodes and bone.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Look for blemishes and bumps, moles, unusual skin color or texture, sores.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Skin works as a barrier to protect the body from the environment. The outermost layer, the epidermis, is the layer in constant contact with the environment. While it sheds skin cells regularly, it can sustain damage from the sun, infection, or cuts and scrapes. So, prolonged exposure to UV rays in sunlight is the most common cause for skin cancer. Skin cancer is also happened in people which has family history of skin cancers, fair complexion and organ transplant.
DIAGNOSIS
A Skin Self-Examination is recommended because people can perform this test by themselves. The Skin Cancer Foundation and the American Academy of Dermatology recommend that you do a skin self-exam once a month. You may need to check your skin more often if you have a history of skin cancer or if it runs in your family.
Pharmacological treatment for skin cancer are rarely used and only to treat non-melanoma skin cancer. The medications used to treat skin cancer includes: Fluorouracil (5-FU), which is a cream or lotion, and other such as Imiquimod, which only use to treat skin cancer cells that is located on body, limbs, and neck but not for the face.
Non-pharmacological treatment for skin cancer includes extraction operation, which is the most effective method but has higher risks compare to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which has toxic side effects.
TREATMENT
Squamous cell carcinomas detected at an early stage and removed promptly are almost always curable and cause minimal damage. However, left untreated, they eventually penetrate the underlying tissues and can become disfiguring. A small percentage even metastasize to local lymph nodes, distant tissues, and organs and can become fatal. Therefore, any suspicious growth should be seen by a physician without delay. A tissue sample (biopsy) will be examined under a microscope to arrive at a diagnosis. If tumor cells are present, treatment is required.
Fortunately, there are several effective ways to eradicate squamous cell carcinoma. The choice of treatment is based on the tumor’s type, size, location, and depth of penetration, as well as the patient's age and general health.
Treatment can almost always be performed on an outpatient basis in a physician's office or at a clinic. A local anesthetic is used during most surgical procedures. Pain or discomfort is usually minimal, and there is rarely much pain afterwards.
The treatment options for skin cancer are as follow:
Not to Be Ignored
Squamous cell carcinomas usually remain confined to the epidermis (the top skin layer) for some time. However, the larger these tumors grow, the more extensive the treatment needed. They eventually penetrate the underlying tissues, which can lead to major disfigurement, sometimes even the loss of a nose, eye or ear. A small percentage spread (metastasize) to distant tissues and organs. When this happens, squamous cell carcinomas frequently can be life-threatening.
Metastases most often arise on sites of chronic inflammatory skin conditions and on the ear, nose, lip, and mucosal regions, including the mouth, nostrils, genitals, anus, and the lining of the internal organs.
The uncontrolled growth of cancer cells in the skin. Left untreated, these cells can spread to other organs and tissues, such as lymph nodes and bone.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Look for blemishes and bumps, moles, unusual skin color or texture, sores.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Skin works as a barrier to protect the body from the environment. The outermost layer, the epidermis, is the layer in constant contact with the environment. While it sheds skin cells regularly, it can sustain damage from the sun, infection, or cuts and scrapes. So, prolonged exposure to UV rays in sunlight is the most common cause for skin cancer. Skin cancer is also happened in people which has family history of skin cancers, fair complexion and organ transplant.
DIAGNOSIS
A Skin Self-Examination is recommended because people can perform this test by themselves. The Skin Cancer Foundation and the American Academy of Dermatology recommend that you do a skin self-exam once a month. You may need to check your skin more often if you have a history of skin cancer or if it runs in your family.
Pharmacological treatment for skin cancer are rarely used and only to treat non-melanoma skin cancer. The medications used to treat skin cancer includes: Fluorouracil (5-FU), which is a cream or lotion, and other such as Imiquimod, which only use to treat skin cancer cells that is located on body, limbs, and neck but not for the face.
Non-pharmacological treatment for skin cancer includes extraction operation, which is the most effective method but has higher risks compare to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which has toxic side effects.
- According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, affecting one in five Americans during their lifetimes.
- The annual cost of treating skin cancers in the U.S. is estimated at $8.1 billion, about $4.8 billion for non-melanoma skin cancers and $3.3 billion for melanoma
TREATMENT
Squamous cell carcinomas detected at an early stage and removed promptly are almost always curable and cause minimal damage. However, left untreated, they eventually penetrate the underlying tissues and can become disfiguring. A small percentage even metastasize to local lymph nodes, distant tissues, and organs and can become fatal. Therefore, any suspicious growth should be seen by a physician without delay. A tissue sample (biopsy) will be examined under a microscope to arrive at a diagnosis. If tumor cells are present, treatment is required.
Fortunately, there are several effective ways to eradicate squamous cell carcinoma. The choice of treatment is based on the tumor’s type, size, location, and depth of penetration, as well as the patient's age and general health.
Treatment can almost always be performed on an outpatient basis in a physician's office or at a clinic. A local anesthetic is used during most surgical procedures. Pain or discomfort is usually minimal, and there is rarely much pain afterwards.
The treatment options for skin cancer are as follow:
- Mohs Micrographic Surgery
- Excisional Surgery
- Curettage and Electrodesiccation (Electrosurgery)
- Cryosurgery
- Radiation
- Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
- Laser Surgery
- Topical Medications
Not to Be Ignored
Squamous cell carcinomas usually remain confined to the epidermis (the top skin layer) for some time. However, the larger these tumors grow, the more extensive the treatment needed. They eventually penetrate the underlying tissues, which can lead to major disfigurement, sometimes even the loss of a nose, eye or ear. A small percentage spread (metastasize) to distant tissues and organs. When this happens, squamous cell carcinomas frequently can be life-threatening.
Metastases most often arise on sites of chronic inflammatory skin conditions and on the ear, nose, lip, and mucosal regions, including the mouth, nostrils, genitals, anus, and the lining of the internal organs.
ACNE
DEFINITION
When pores on your skin become blocked by oil, bacteria, dead skin cells, and dirt one may develop a pimple or “zit.” If your skin is repeatedly affected by this condition, you may have acne.
http://www.healthline.com/symptom/acne
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Acne can be found almost anywhere on your body. It most commonly develops on your face, back, neck, chest, and shoulders.
Blackheads open at the surface of your skin, giving them a black appearance due to the effect of oxygen in the air. Whiteheads are closed just under the surface of your skin, giving them a white appearance.
Both blackheads and whiteheads are known as comedones.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
EXTRA INFORMATION
According to the American Academy of Dermatology, acne is the most common skin condition in the United States. Although acne isn’t a life-threatening condition, it can be painful, particularly when it’s severe.
One common myth about acne is: Adults don’t get acne, which is not true. Surveys have found that significant numbers of adults are still getting acne into their 30s, 40s, and even 50s
When pores on your skin become blocked by oil, bacteria, dead skin cells, and dirt one may develop a pimple or “zit.” If your skin is repeatedly affected by this condition, you may have acne.
http://www.healthline.com/symptom/acne
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Acne can be found almost anywhere on your body. It most commonly develops on your face, back, neck, chest, and shoulders.
Blackheads open at the surface of your skin, giving them a black appearance due to the effect of oxygen in the air. Whiteheads are closed just under the surface of your skin, giving them a white appearance.
Both blackheads and whiteheads are known as comedones.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
- Acne develops when too much oil is produced by follicles. Dead skin cells accumulate and built-up bacteria in the pores will also causes acne.
- Acne will also cause by the hormonal changes caused by puberty or pregnancy, certain types of medications, such as certain birth control pills or corticosteroids.
- People who have parents who had acne, or even a diet high in refined sugars carbohydrates are more likely to develop acne.
DIAGNOSIS
- Papules are small red, raised bumps caused by inflamed or infected hair follicles.
- Pustules are small red pimples that have pus at their tips.
- Nodules are solid, often painful lumps beneath the surface of your skin.
- Cysts are large lumps found beneath your skin that contain pus and are usually painful.
TREATMENT
- Acne can be treated at home by cleaning your skin daily with a mild soap to remove excess oil and dirt, hence personal hygiene.
- Medication such as Benzoyl peroxide (found in acne cream), sulfur (found in lotions, cleansers, masks), and Salicylic acid (found in soaps and acne wash) are available for acne treatment.
- Some other additional treatments are photodynamic therapy which uses a medication and a special light or laser to reduce oil production and reduce bacteria. Dermabrasion removes the top layers of your skin with a rotating brush.
EXTRA INFORMATION
According to the American Academy of Dermatology, acne is the most common skin condition in the United States. Although acne isn’t a life-threatening condition, it can be painful, particularly when it’s severe.
One common myth about acne is: Adults don’t get acne, which is not true. Surveys have found that significant numbers of adults are still getting acne into their 30s, 40s, and even 50s
DIAPER RASH
DEFINITION
Also known as diaper dermatitis, diaper rash is the irritation of the skin. It occurs mostly in babies, and it is a common condition. It’s uncomfortable, burning and redness on areas of the skin that come into contact with and rub against a diaper.
http://www.healthline.com/symptom/diaper-rash
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Diaper rash causes the baby’s skin to look red and irritated. Affected skin may also feel warm to the touch. Parents and caregivers should call a doctor if a bright red diaper rash lasts longer than 48 hours or is accompanied by a strong odor of urine, which may indicate dehydration.Other times to seek medical help include when rashes form blisters or become weepy, or if the baby develops a fever.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Diaper rash occurs when someone sits too long in a soiled diaper, which are mostly babies and babies soil diapers every three to four hours. It’s important to keep them changed because the acidic nature of human waste allows bacteria and yeast to thrive, all these elements can irritate the skin.Sometimes a child will first experience diaper rash when beginning solid food or taking antibiotics. Breast-fed babies are at lower risk, due to reduced acidity in their diets. Babies who wear diapers can develop diaper rash. Usually, diaper rash does not become a problem until the age of three weeks. Risk is highest for babies between three months and one year old. Occasionally, diaper rash is passed from infant to infant.
DIAGNOSIS
Most people who care for children know it when they see it. Sometimes, it's still a good idea to call a doctor, who will offer an expert opinion based on prescriptions and other baby items.
TREATMENT
The best prevention is also the best cure: frequent diaper changes.
EXTRA INFORMATION
In the United States, it affects up to 35 percent of children under two years old. Most children suffer from it at least once before they are toilet trained.
Also known as diaper dermatitis, diaper rash is the irritation of the skin. It occurs mostly in babies, and it is a common condition. It’s uncomfortable, burning and redness on areas of the skin that come into contact with and rub against a diaper.
http://www.healthline.com/symptom/diaper-rash
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Diaper rash causes the baby’s skin to look red and irritated. Affected skin may also feel warm to the touch. Parents and caregivers should call a doctor if a bright red diaper rash lasts longer than 48 hours or is accompanied by a strong odor of urine, which may indicate dehydration.Other times to seek medical help include when rashes form blisters or become weepy, or if the baby develops a fever.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Diaper rash occurs when someone sits too long in a soiled diaper, which are mostly babies and babies soil diapers every three to four hours. It’s important to keep them changed because the acidic nature of human waste allows bacteria and yeast to thrive, all these elements can irritate the skin.Sometimes a child will first experience diaper rash when beginning solid food or taking antibiotics. Breast-fed babies are at lower risk, due to reduced acidity in their diets. Babies who wear diapers can develop diaper rash. Usually, diaper rash does not become a problem until the age of three weeks. Risk is highest for babies between three months and one year old. Occasionally, diaper rash is passed from infant to infant.
DIAGNOSIS
Most people who care for children know it when they see it. Sometimes, it's still a good idea to call a doctor, who will offer an expert opinion based on prescriptions and other baby items.
TREATMENT
The best prevention is also the best cure: frequent diaper changes.
- Make sure your child's diapers fit properly and not too tightly. The diaper should allow air to get to sensitive areas. Try letting the baby go without diapers during naps.
- Topical creams and ointments are commonly used to treat diaper rash. They include: hydrocortisone to reduce swelling, antifungal or antibiotic creams to combat infections (a doctor may prescribe oral antibiotics as well). Zinc oxide creams and ointments containing steroids should be taken only at a doctor’s recommendation.
EXTRA INFORMATION
In the United States, it affects up to 35 percent of children under two years old. Most children suffer from it at least once before they are toilet trained.
MOUTH ULCERS
DEFINITION
Normally small, painful lesions that develop in your mouth or at the base of your gums. They can make eating, drinking, and talking uncomfortable. Women (more than men), adolescents, and people with a family history of mouth ulcers are at higher risk for developing mouth ulcers.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
There are 3 types of mouth ulcers: minor, major, and herpetiform.Minor ulcers are small oval or round ulcers that heal within one to two weeks with no scarring.Major ulcers are larger and deeper than minor ones. They have irregular edges and can take up to six weeks to heal with scarring.Herpetiform ulcers are pinpoint size, occur in clusters of 10 to 100, and often affect adults. This type of mouth ulcer has irregular edges and will often heal without scarring within one to two weeks.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
EXTRA INFORMATION
A mouth ulcer is an exposed nerve which is why they can be so painful.
Mouth ulcers are not infectious, so you cannot catch them from kissing someone.
Mouth ulcers affect at least 20 per cent of the population – most people will have at least one during their lifetime.
Normally small, painful lesions that develop in your mouth or at the base of your gums. They can make eating, drinking, and talking uncomfortable. Women (more than men), adolescents, and people with a family history of mouth ulcers are at higher risk for developing mouth ulcers.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
There are 3 types of mouth ulcers: minor, major, and herpetiform.Minor ulcers are small oval or round ulcers that heal within one to two weeks with no scarring.Major ulcers are larger and deeper than minor ones. They have irregular edges and can take up to six weeks to heal with scarring.Herpetiform ulcers are pinpoint size, occur in clusters of 10 to 100, and often affect adults. This type of mouth ulcer has irregular edges and will often heal without scarring within one to two weeks.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
- minor mouth injury from dental work, hard brushing, sports injury, or accidental bite
- toothpastes and mouth rinses that contain sodium lauryl sulfate
- food sensitivities to acidic foods like strawberries, citrus, and pineapples
- lack of essential vitamins, especially B-12, zinc, folate, and iron
- allergic response to mouth bacteria
- dental braces
- hormonal changes during menstruation
- emotional stress or lack of sleep
- bacterial, viral, or fungal infections
DIAGNOSIS
- Check for lesions, sores in mouth that persist more a few days, which can be painful or painless.
TREATMENT
- Most mouth ulcers don’t need treatment. Treatments are usually use to decrease pain and healing time. For example, using a rinse of saltwater and baking soda or using over-the-counter benzocaine (topical anesthetic) products like Orajel or Anbesol. Taking nutritional supplements like folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and zinc. Using mouth rinse or topical pastes that contains steroid to reduce pain and swelling
- Some traditional method includes: placing damp tea bags on your mouth ulcer, natural remedies such as chamomile tea, echinacea, myrrh, and licorice.
EXTRA INFORMATION
A mouth ulcer is an exposed nerve which is why they can be so painful.
Mouth ulcers are not infectious, so you cannot catch them from kissing someone.
Mouth ulcers affect at least 20 per cent of the population – most people will have at least one during their lifetime.